Communication Skills Lecture Series 1

 Lecture Series 1

Communication Skills

Outline:

1. Introduction

2. Meaning 

3. Definitions

4. Origin/ Evolution 

4. Characteristics

5. Types & Examples

6. Scope/Significance 

7. Conclusion

Introduction: -

 Communication is as old as human civilization. The common need for protection led to group life. As group life developed, forms of communication also developed. Communication was in the forms of codes, indications, signals, and expressions.

 Gradually with the increase in population, division of labor, exchange economy, etc., necessitated the development of language. In the present-day world, communication is a vital need of every Step in any industrial or commercial activity.

 The term communication has been derived from the Latin word, ‘communis’, which means common.

 Communication means, to tell, show, spread information, and inform. The term

communication is used to signify the process of transferring ideas or receiving them by any means such as word of mouth, telephone, telegram, letter, message, etc. Thus, communication stands for sharing of information, imparting or conveying ideas and knowledge.

 Meaning

The English word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin word communis, which means common.

The term communication refers to the sharing of ideas in common. In other words, it is the transmission and interaction of facts, ideas, opinions, feelings, or attitudes. Communication is the essence of management. The basic function of management (planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling) cannot be performed well without effective communication.

In short, Communication is the process of passing ideas, views, facts, information, and understanding from one person to another. This process is necessary for making the subordinates understand what the management expects from them.

Communication cannot take place without two parties – the receiver and the sender. The information which is sent by the sender must be understandable to the receiver.

 Definition:

Following are some of the important definitions of communication:

 Communication may be defined as “the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another.”

According to Koontz and O’Donnel, Communication may be understood “as the exchange of information at least between two persons to create an understanding in the mind of the other, whether or not it gives rise to conflict.”

Newman and Summer- “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons.”

‘Communication is the sum of all things a person does when he wants to create an understanding in the mind of another. – Louis A. Allen

‘It is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between people. By using this bridge of meaning, a person can safely cross the river of misunderstanding that separates all the people’. – Keith Davis

Origin of Communication

The origin of communication can be traced back to the earliest forms of human interaction, when early humans used gestures, sounds, and expressions to convey meaning. As humans evolved, so did their forms of communication, from oral traditions passed down from generation to generation, to the development of writing and the printing press, to the introduction of modern communication technologies such as the telephone, radio, television, and the Internet.

The exact origin of communication is difficult to determine, as it is likely that early forms of communication evolved gradually over time as early humans developed new ways to exchange information and ideas. However, it is clear that communication has played a critical role in human evolution and has allowed humans to form social bonds, exchange knowledge, and cooperate with one another in ways that have enabled them to thrive and survive.

In conclusion, the origin of communication can be traced back to the earliest forms of human interaction and has evolved over time to become the complex and dynamic process that it is today, with new forms of communication emerging as technology and culture continue to evolve.

Evolution of Communication 

The evolution of communication has been shaped by technological advancements, cultural changes, and the need for more efficient and effective ways to exchange information. Some key milestones in the evolution of communication include:

1. Oral Communication:

 The earliest forms of communication were based on oral tradition, with stories and information passed down from generation to generation through speech and song.

2. Writing:

 The development of writing marked a major turning point in the evolution of communication, as it allowed for the creation of permanent records and the dissemination of information beyond the immediate community.

3. Printing Press:

 The invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized communication, making it possible to mass-produce books, pamphlets, and other written materials.

4. Telegraph:

 The telegraph, invented in the 19th century, was the first electrical communication system and paved the way for the development of modern communication technologies, including the telephone and the radio.

5. Radio and Television:

 The introduction of radio and television in the 20th century marked a major step forward in the evolution of communication, as it allowed for the mass dissemination of information and entertainment on a global scale.

6. Computer and the Internet:

 The development of the computer and the Internet has had a profound impact on the evolution of communication, making it possible to exchange information and communicate with people anywhere in the world in real-time.

In conclusion, the evolution of communication has been shaped by technological advancements and cultural changes, and has allowed for the exchange of information on an ever-increasing scale. The development of new communication technologies has also led to new forms of communication, such as social media, and has changed the way that people interact with each other and with the world.

Origin of Communication
 

Objectives

The primary objective of communication in management is to convey information—instructions, policies, procedures, decisions, etc., so the listener will hear, read, understand what is said, agree and accept the message, and react as intended by the manager or sender of the communication.

There are many objectives of communication. They are

 Stronger Decision Making

 Increased Productivity

 Steadier Workflow

 Enhanced Professional Image

 Clearer Promotional Material

 Provide Advice

 Provide Order

 Suggestion

 Persuasion

 Education

 Warning

 Raising Morale & Motivation

 To Give & Receive information

 To Provide Counseling

 To Improve Discipline

Purpose of communication 

Characteristics 

The characteristics of communication are as follows:

(i) At least two persons – Communication involves at least two persons—the sender and the receiver.

The sender sends the message and the receiver receives the message. There is an exchange of information between two or more persons.

(ii) Two-way process – Communication is essentially a two-way process. It does not merely mean sending and receiving messages. It is not complete unless and until the message has been understood by the receiver in the same sense.

(iii) Form of communication – Communication may take several forms, e.g., order, instruction, report, queries, etc. It may be verbal or written. It may be formal or informal.

(iv) Scope – Communication is present in all human relationships. It is essential in all types of organizations and at all levels of management. It has a very wide scope.

(v) Dynamic process – Communication is influenced by the mood and thinking of the sender and receiver. It keeps on changing depending upon the Level of understanding of the sender and receiver.

(vi) Goal-oriented – Communication is goal-oriented and is effective only when there is a congruence of goals of the sender and the receiver.

(vii) Interdisciplinary – Communication derives knowledge from several sciences like anthropology (the study of body language), sociology (the study of human behavior), psychology (the study of a human), etc. The linking between these sciences makes communication effective

(viii) Interpersonal relations – The main purpose of communication is to influence the human behavior which creates interpersonal relations.

(ix) Circular process – There is a circular flow of information in the communication process. After the feedback, the receiver of the original message is required to transmit another message. The response indicates the success of the communication.

Elements of Communication

English English Language Learning and Teaching by Prof Abdul Rauf M Phil English Linguistics 

The elements of communication are:

Sender: The person or entity sending the message.

Message: The information being conveyed.

Channel: The medium through which the message is sent, such as speaking, writing, or technology.

Receiver: The person or entity receiving the message.

Feedback: The response of the receiver to the message, which can affect the interpretation and understanding of the message.

Context: The circumstances and environment in which the communication occurs, such as social, cultural, and historical factors.

Noise: Any interference that affects the clarity and accuracy of the message, such as physical or semantic barriers.

Types Of Communication

English English Language Learning and Teaching by Prof Abdul Rauf M Phil English Linguistics with Master in English Literature  

There are several types of communication, including:

Verbal communication: spoken language between individuals

Nonverbal communication: unspoken messages through body language, gestures, and tone of voice

Written communication: messages transmitted through writing, such as emails and text messages

Interpersonal communication: face-to-face interaction between individuals

Group communication: communication among a group of people, such as in a meeting or presentation

Mass communication: dissemination of information to a large audience through media such as television, radio, and newspapers

Digital communication: transmission of information using digital technologies such as the Internet, social media, and mobile devices.

After evaluating the subject matter we can safely maintain that Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, opinions and messages between individuals or groups through various means such as speech, writing, gestures, or any other medium. Effective communication involves the sender encoding a message and the receiver decoding it, leading to the successful transfer of information and understanding. It plays a crucial role in building relationships, promoting understanding, and achieving goals in various settings such as families, organizations, and societies.

In conclusion, communication is a vital aspect of human interaction and is essential for personal and professional success. Effective communication requires the development of language and interpersonal skills, the use of clear and concise language, and the ability to understand and interpret nonverbal cues. The advancement of technology has expanded the methods and means of communication, making it easier for people to connect and communicate with each other across vast distances. Communication plays a crucial role in shaping our relationships, opinions, and experiences and is an ongoing process that requires constant adaptation and improvement.

Communication Skills 

Personality Development 

Tips And tricks 

William Shakespeare 

Prof Abdul Rauf

M Phil English Linguistics

M. A English Literature

M. A Political Science

Digital Content Writer/ Poet

Introduction 

Who do you think of when you hear the word personality? 

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinah? 

Steve Jobs?

Barack Obama? 

Steve Harvey?

Bacha Khan? 

Allama Muhammad Iqbal?

And many more about which people know.

Probably All Of Them Are Famous For Their Striking Personalities That Make An Impression On People. What Makes Them Stand Out Is Their Distinctive Personality That Inspires Millions Of People.

What Does Personality Mean? 

It’s A Collection Of Traits, Behaviors And Attitudes That Define A Person. The Word Personality Comes From The Latin Word Persona Which Refers To A Theatrical Mask Worn By Performers For Different Roles.

Today, It Means Much More Than That.

When You Say Shah Rukh Khan Has Personality, You Think Of Everything About Him That Impresses You. His Acting Abilities, Baritone Voice, Ageless Fitness, Choice Of Roles, Hard Work And Determination, And Body Language.

It’s Difficult, But Not Impossible, To Improve Your Personality. Personality Development Investing In Yourself, Your Qualities, And Your Growth.

What Is Personality Development?

Personality Development Is About Building Your Capacities, Nurturing Your Talent, Enhancing New Skill Sets, Working On Your Weaknesses, And Transforming Them Into Strengths.

You, As An Individual, Have Unique Skill Sets. Your Potential Is Multi-Faceted, And Investing In Personality Development Enables You To Harness Your Strengths. Focusing On Individual Personality Development Adds To Your Capabilities And Helps Your Dreams And Aspirations Turn Into A Reality.

To Be A More Charismatic Person, You Have To Develop Your Inner Self As Well As Your Outer Self. The Importance Of Personality Development Is Undisputed In Personal And Professional Life.

Take Muhammad Ali Jinah, as A Lawyer Who Had A Meteoric Rise To The Top Of His Career.  His Colleagues Always Wondered How He Managed To Climb The Success Ladder So Fast. But Only He Knew How Hard He Had Worked To Better Himself. He Had Stepped Out Of His Comfort Zone To Become A Better Version Of Himself. He Had Understood The Importance Of Personality Development.

There Is No Substitute For Hard Work When It Comes To Personality Development. The Sooner You Understand It, The Better For You. Think About How To Develop Personality, Chalk Out A Plan, Set A Goal, And Work Towards It Every Day.

Significance of Personality Development & Character Building 

Let’s Look At The Reasons:

Why It Is significant To Develop One’s Personality: plus character 

1. Discovering Potentials & Qualities

Personality Development Enables You To Discover Your Qualities & potentials

2. Wise Decision Making

It Empowers You To Make The Right Decisions And To Choose the right things sagaciously.

3. Self Confidence Building

It Builds That One Winning Quality In You- Self Confidence. Confident People Are more effective & More Equipped To achieve success and can win success and Opportunities In The Long Run and in a more pervasive manner. 

4. Better Communication skills

It Assists You In Communicating Clearly, Convincingly, And Precisely

5.

Leadership Qualities Building 

Once You Know How To Develop Personality, You Will Be Seen As A Leader By Your Peers And Colleagues

Personality Development Initiatives

Your Personality Is Not Static And Unchangeable. You Can Develop It For The Better. Play To Your Strengths And Work On Your Weaknesses.

Create a Road Map

So Are You Ready To Start Creating A Roadmap To Becoming Your Best Version? Here Are Some Tips For Personality Development.A

Avail Whatever Opportunities You have &L eave Your Comfort Zone 

Come Out Of Your Shell And Explore The World. A Comfort Zone Is Limiting. Staying In The Comfort Zone Will Make One Miss Out On The Opportunity To Try New Things And Discover Themselves. The Next Time You Meet A Group Of People, Try Engaging With Them More. Introduce Yourself To Someone And Have A Conversation With Them. Don’t Stay In The Corner Or Play With Your Phone. Interact With People.

Time Management 

Make your Every Day Precious 

Plan Your Time Management Strategy And Make It Stronger Day By Day. Begin Your Days Right. Every Morning Take Time Out To Read Something Inspirational. Chalk Out What You Are Going To Do That Day. Keep In Mind Your Larger Goal And Select Activities Accordingly.

Challenge Yourself From Time To Time. Learn Something New. Be Creative. Do What You Are Passionate About. Take Risks. Do Not Fear Failure.

Remember The Words Of Performance Coach Dale Carnegie: “Today Is Life-The Only Life You Are Sure Of. Make The Most Of Today. Get Interested In Something. Shake Yourself Awake. Develop A Hobby. Let The Winds Of Enthusiasm Sweep Through You. Live Today With Gusto.”

Define Your Area Of Excellence

Define What You Want To Excel In And Develop Relevant Skill Sets. Maximize Your Time, Energy, And Resources To Achieve The Desired Result. Say You Want To Be A Video Jockey. Seek Personality Development Tips From A Successful VJ And Work On Your Communication Skills.

Be Optimistic & Goal Oriented 

 Learn To Look At The Future With Positivity.   Being Optimistic Will Help You Identify Opportunities And Work Towards Them. Optimistic People Know How To See Failures As Setbacks. Even When There Are Challenges And Setbacks, Optimistic People Work On Finding A Solution.

Evaluate and analyze your own personal qualities Yourself

Some People Are Extremely Popular At Work. You May Wonder What Their Magic Formula Is For Being Constantly Appreciated By Their Superiors. It’s Not Magic. They Simply Focus On Following Tips For Personality Development Such As Seeking Feedback, Correcting Mistakes, Helping People, And Solving Problems.

Self-Evaluation & self conscious habits At Regular Intervals Help Improve One’s Personality. 

Evaluate Your Skills And Areas Of Improvement By Asking Yourself: 

Is Your Public Speaking Effective? 

Are Your Confidence Levels High? 

Is Your Behavior Pleasant And Co-Operative? 

Start Observing Yourself, 

Make Notes,

Always Identify The traits You Need To attain or retain.

Networking 

Have Connections with Modern Technology 

One Of The Best Tips For Personality Development Is To Network.

Networking Has Been Made Much Easier By Interactive And Intelligent Social Media.

So Go Ahead, 

Create A Network Of Dependable People

Who Trust You, 

Inspire You,

Lead You.

Meet with New People 

Meeting New People Is Helpful In Many Ways. It Widens Your Horizons. You Get A Chance To Observe The Good Qualities Of Several Dynamic Personalities And Learn Different Ways To Behave And Interact.

Develop a Reading Habit

Read A Lot

Have You Read The Alchemist By Paulo Coelho?

Regarded As A Classic Personal Development Novel, It Takes You On An Enchanting Journey Of Self-Discovery With A Young Shepherd Who Undertakes A Heroic Journey To Find A Treasure He’s Been Dreaming About.

Books Such As 

The Power Of Now By Eckhart Tolle, 

The 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People By Stephen Covey,

 Jonathan Livingston Seagull By Richard Bach,

 Inspiring Thoughts By Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam,

All Contain Time-Tested Personality Development Tips And Lessons.

Develop Your Body Language

Many People Think That Communication Is Simply About What Is Being Said And Heard.

 This Is Not True. 

Nonverbal Communication Through Body Language And Expressions Makes A Huge Impact On Others. Many Times People Use Nonverbal Cues Without Realizing It. However, It Is Possible To Consciously Improve One’s Use Of Body Language.

Having The Right Kind Of Body Language Is An Important Part Of Your Personality Development. It Helps People To Perceive You In A Better Light. Ensure That Your Standing And Sitting Position Is Upright. Make Eye Contact While Speaking.

It Is True That Factors Such As Heredity, Family Upbringing, Peer Group Influencers, Societal Culture Do Play A Role In Shaping Your Personality. But With Proper Tips For Personality Development And Sincere Efforts, You Can Bring A Holistic Change In Your Personality.

Finding Your Signature Voice Is Important. This Process Of Self-Grooming Almost Always Turns Out To Be The Most Rewarding Enterprise And Enriching Experience Of Your Life.  Internet Teaches You To Use Nonverbal Cues. They Are The Body Language Techniques That Help You Exude Confidence At Work.

Build Your own Personal Brand

Building Your Personal Brand And Giving Your Brand 

A Vision Is Also Important For Personal Growth And Professional Success. 

Some Important Points to Remember

Smile a lot

Think positive

Dress Sensibly

Be soft-spoken

Leave your ego behind

Avoid Backbiting- Backstabbing and criticizing people are negative traits which work against an individual’s personality. 

Learn to appreciate others.

Help others- Do not always think of harming others. Share whatever you know. Remember no one can steal your knowledge. Always help others.

Confidence- Confidence is the key to a positive personality. Exude confidence and positive aura wherever you go.

A Patient listener- Be a patient listener. Never interrupt when others are speaking. Try to imbibe good qualities of others.

Learn How To Do This From Experts and Mentors.

Now That You Have Read Some Personality Development Tips

Are You Ready For The Journey to Improve your Self by Yourself?

 I Bet It Will Be a Delightful fun.

Wish you best of luck. 👍👍👍

Abdul Rauf 

Features of Modern Drama

Drama as a form of literature 

Modern Drama

Drama is a form of literature that is meant to be performed on stage or as a radio or audio play. It is a script written for actors to perform, and it typically includes dialogue, stage directions, and other elements that convey the characters, setting, and story. Drama often aims to entertain, but it can also be used to comment on social or political issues and to explore the human condition. Some famous examples of drama include William Shakespeare's plays, Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House," and Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman."

What is Drama 

@English English Language Learning and Teaching by Prof Abdul Rauf M Phil in English 

Drama as a form of literature 

  Drama is a form of literature that is meant to be performed on stage or as a radio or audio play. It is a script written for actors to perform, and it typically includes dialogue, stage directions, and other elements that convey the characters, setting, and story. Drama often aims to entertain, but it can also be used to comment on social or political issues and to explore the human condition. Some famous examples of drama include William Shakespeare's plays, Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House," and Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman."

Drama is a genre of storytelling that has been around for thousands of years and has been an important form of entertainment and artistic expression in many cultures. In addition to being performed on stage, drama can also be written for television, film, radio, and other media.

The structure of a play typically includes an introduction or prologue, followed by a series of scenes or acts that make up the body of the play. Each scene or act contains dialogue and stage directions, and may also include monologues, soliloquies, and other forms of expression.

In addition to its role in entertainment, drama has also played a significant role in exploring social, political, and cultural issues. Many playwrights have used the stage as a platform to address important topics, such as discrimination, social justice, and the human condition.

The study of drama is called dramaturgy, and it involves analyzing the elements of a play, including character development, dialogue, themes, and the playwright's use of symbolism and metaphor. There are many different styles and traditions of drama, including classical Greek drama, Elizabethan theater, and contemporary plays.

Modern Drama 

Modern drama refers to the genre of drama that has emerged since the late 19th century, and it is characterized by a departure from traditional forms and conventions. Modern drama often explores more complex and challenging themes, such as existentialism, the human psyche, and political and social issues.

Some key features of modern drama include a focus on character development and inner conflict, the use of unconventional narrative structures, and a greater emphasis on symbolism and experimental forms of expression. Modern drama often reflects the broader social, political, and cultural changes of the time, and playwrights often use the stage as a means of exploring and commenting on these issues.

Famous examples of modern drama include Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot," Harold Pinter's "The Birthday Party," and Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar Named Desire." In recent decades, the genre has continued to evolve, and there is a rich tradition of contemporary plays that continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in drama.

Overall, modern drama has been an important genre for exploring the human experience and for providing a platform for artistic and social expression.

Features of Modern Drama

Modern drama refers to the genre of theatrical plays that have emerged since the late 19th century and continue to shape the contemporary theatrical landscape. It represents a departure from traditional forms of drama, characterized by its innovative techniques, themes, and styles. In this article, we will examine some of the key features of modern drama.

Breaking down the fourth wall:

One of the most distinctive features of modern drama is the breaking down of the "fourth wall," which refers to the imaginary barrier between the actors and the audience. In traditional drama, the fourth wall was meant to preserve the illusion of reality and keep the audience separate from the action. In modern drama, however, playwrights often intentionally break down this barrier, either by having characters directly address the audience or by using meta-theatrical techniques such as self-referential humor or breaking character.

Experimentation with form:

 Modern drama is known for its willingness to experiment with traditional theatrical forms. Playwrights have sought to break away from the conventional three-act structure and have instead used fragmented, non-linear, or episodic structures to tell their stories. They have also experimented with unconventional staging techniques, such as breaking the boundaries of the stage and incorporating multimedia elements into their productions.

Realism and naturalism:

 Modern drama is often marked by its focus on realism and naturalism. Playwrights have sought to create an illusion of reality on the stage, often by using dialogue and characters that are drawn from everyday life. This realism and naturalism serve to heighten the emotional impact of the play and make it more relatable to the audience.

Exploration of contemporary themes:

 Modern drama often deals with themes and issues that are relevant to contemporary society. Playwrights have tackled social, political, and cultural issues such as gender equality, race relations, environmentalism, and more. They have also explored psychological and emotional themes, such as relationships, identity, and mental health.

Use of symbolism and metaphor:

 In addition to their focus on realism and naturalism, many modern dramas also incorporate symbolic and metaphorical elements. Playwrights often use symbols and metaphors to explore deeper themes and ideas, adding layers of complexity and meaning to their work.

Collaborative creation:

 Modern drama often involves collaboration between playwrights, directors, designers, and actors. The theatrical process has become more collaborative, with playwrights and directors working together to create a unified vision for the production. This collaboration has led to a blurring of the lines between different theatrical disciplines, with designers and actors playing a more active role in shaping the final product.

 After evaluating this very genre of Literature, we can presumably assert that modern drama is characterized by its experimentation with form, focus on realism and naturalism, exploration of contemporary themes, use of symbolism and metaphor, and collaborative creation. These features have helped to make modern drama a vibrant and dynamic genre that continues to captivate audiences around the world.

Note: furthermore, you can keep in touch with the blog website for much more materials regarding Drama and English language and Literature. Thanks 👍

 

Poetic Forms in English Literature

What Is Poetic Form?

Poetic form can be understood as the physical structure of a poem, which includes, among other things, the length of lines, their rhythms, their system of rhymes and repetition. In this sense, the term poetic form is usually reserved for the type of poem where these features have been shaped into a pattern, especially a familiar pattern.

1. Sonnet

A poem of 14 lines that has been popular from the Late Middle Ages on. By the 14th century and the Italian Renaissance, the form became more well-defined under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature.

A sonnet is a type of poem that consists of 14 lines, typically written in iambic pentameter and following a strict rhyme scheme. It originated in Italy during the Renaissance and became popular in England during the Elizabethan era. Sonnets typically express a single idea or theme and often address universal topics such as love, beauty, and mortality. There are many variations of sonnets, including the traditional Italian or Petrarchan sonnet and the English or Shakespearean sonnet.

The Italian sonnet consists of an octave (8 lines) that presents a problem or question and a sestet (6 lines) that offers a resolution or answer. The English sonnet consists of three quatrains (4 lines each) that present a series of related ideas or images, followed by a final couplet (2 lines) that offers a conclusion or resolution. The rhyme scheme for an English sonnet is usually abab cdcd efef gg.

Sonnets have been a popular form of poetry for centuries and have been written by many renowned poets, including William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and John Milton. In addition to expressing universal themes, sonnets can also be used to comment on contemporary events or to address personal experiences and emotions.

Overall, sonnets are valued for their ability to combine structure with creativity, offering a platform for poets to express their ideas and feelings in a concise and structured manner.

In general, sonnets have an 8-line stanza (called an "octave") followed by a 6-line stanza (a "sestet") with a break in between. The sestet usually offers a conclusion or resolution of what is presented in the octave.

There are numerous kinds of sonnets, including the Petrarchan/Italian, Shakespearean/English, Spenserian, and Modern.

A traditional Italian or Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abba, abba, cdecde. For instance: John Milton’s "On His Blindness” is a Petrarchan sonnet.

The English or Shakespearean sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef, gg. For an example, see William Shakespeare’s “Time and Love”.

The Spenserian sonnet is composed of three quatrains (a 4-line stanza) and follows the rhyme scheme abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee. For instance, William Cullen Bryant's "Mutation" is a Spenserian sonnet.

The Modern sonnet does not have a set rhyme scheme and sometimes appears in the "stretched" length of 16 lines instead of the traditional 14. Tweaks and experimentation in rhyme scheme mark this newer type of sonnet. "Professional Middle-class Couple, 1927" by Adam Kirsch is a Modern sonnet and employs the inventive rhyme scheme of two octaves of abbaabba. "High Talk" by W.B. Yeats is another example of a Modern sonnet, using simple rhyming couplets throughout and being comprised of an octave and a sestet. Yeats's sonnet is stretched in a different way: each line is about 15 syllables instead of the traditional 10.

2. Lyric

A lyric is a form of poetry that is subject to being sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument or that expresses intense personal emotions in a manner suggestive of a song. This type of poetry expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet.

A lyric poem is a type of poetry that expresses the personal feelings, thoughts, and emotions of the poet. It often uses musical or rhythmical language and is meant to be sung or spoken in a musical manner. Some common forms of lyric poetry include sonnets, odes, ballads, and elegies. These forms have specific structures, rhyme schemes, and metrical patterns that help convey the intended message or emotion of the poem.

The term "lyric" comes from the ancient Greek word "lyrikos," which means "singing to the lyre," a musical instrument similar to a small harp. In poetry, the term "lyric" has come to mean a type of poem that is intimate and personal, often expressing the emotions and thoughts of the poet. Lyric poems can take many forms and can be written in different styles and meters.

Some common themes of lyric poetry include love, nature, sorrow, and reflection. Lyric poems are often shorter than other forms of poetry and may be more focused on imagery and musicality than on narrative or story-telling. Some well-known examples of lyric poetry include William Shakespeare's sonnets, Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind," and John Keats' "Ode to a Nightingale."

For instance, see Edgar Allen Poe’s "Annabel Lee", May Swenson's "Women", and Christina Rossetti's "A Dirge". You will notice that each of these poems is quite different in terms of form and that May Swenson's poem does not rhyme. They are still considered lyrics in that they are very musical and portray strong personal emotions.

3. Odes:

English English Language Learning and Teaching

Definition of Ode

An ode is a type of lyric poem that expresses a poet's thoughts and feelings on a particular subject, often elevated in tone and style. It is usually written in stanzas and often follows a structured form and rhyme scheme. Odes have a long history, dating back to ancient Greece, and have been used to commemorate events, praise individuals, or express love and other strong emotions.

English English Language Learning and Teaching

Types of Odes

There are several types of odes, including:

Pindaric Ode: named after the ancient Greek poet Pindar, this type of ode is written in triadic stanzas and is known for its grand and ceremonial tone.

Horatian Ode: named after the Roman poet Horace, this type of ode is lighter and more personal in tone, often addressing the subject matter in a playful or conversational manner.

Irregular Ode: this type of ode does not follow a strict form or rhyme scheme, but rather allows for more creative expression and flexibility.

Elegy: a type of ode that mourns a loss or death, often written in a melancholic and contemplative tone.

Elegiac Stanza: a specific form of the elegy, consisting of a quatrain (four lines) in which the first and third lines are rhymed and the second and fourth are unrhymed.

Sonnet: a type of lyric poem, consisting of 14 lines and typically written in rhymed couplets. Sonnets can be written in a variety of forms, including the Shakespearean sonnet and the Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet.

English English Language Learning and Teaching

History and origin of odes

The history of odes dates back to ancient Greece, where they were written to celebrate victories in athletic competitions, honor gods and goddesses, and commemorate significant events. The most famous ancient Greek odes were written by Pindar, who is considered one of the greatest ode writers of all time.

In ancient Rome, the ode was adopted and adapted by Roman poets such as Horace, who wrote odes that were lighter in tone and more personal in nature. During the Renaissance, the ode was revived and became a popular form of poetry in England, where it was used to celebrate events and praise individuals.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the ode became a more formal and elevated form of poetry, often written to commemorate important events or honor great individuals. Some of the most famous odes from this period include "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats and "Ode on a Grecian Urn" by John Keats.

Today, the ode continues to be a popular form of poetry, used to express a wide range of emotions and subjects.

English English Language Learning and Teaching

Literary Style of odes

The style of an ode can vary depending on the type of ode and the poet's intention, but some common stylistic elements include:

Elevated Tone: Odes are often written in a formal, elevated tone that reflects the poet's reverence for the subject matter.

Metrical Structure: Odes often follow a specific meter or rhyme scheme, with many traditional odes written in stanzas.

Grandiose Language: Odes often use grandiose, ornate language to convey the poet's high regard for the subject matter.

Emotional Expression: Odes are a form of lyric poetry, and as such, often express the poet's emotions and feelings towards the subject matter.

Reflection: Odes often serve as a form of contemplation or reflection, allowing the poet to delve into their thoughts and feelings about the subject matter.

Praise: Many odes are written to praise individuals, events, or ideas, and often include expressions of admiration and reverence.

Symbolism: Odes often employ symbolic language to convey deeper meaning and emotion.

English English Language Learning and Teaching by Abdul Rauf, M. Phil English 

Literary devices in Odes 

Odes often use a variety of literary devices to convey emotions, reinforce themes, and enhance the overall impact of the poem. Some common literary devices found in odes include:

Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike things to suggest a likeness or analogy.

Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as".

Personification: Attribution of human qualities or characteristics to non-human things, animals, or ideas.

Hyperbole: Extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or effect.

Alliteration: The repetition of the same sound or syllable at the beginning of multiple words in a phrase or line.

Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.

Rhyme: The repetition of the same or similar sounds at the end of two or more words.

Imagery: The use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas.

Repetition: The repetition of words, phrases, or lines for emphasis or to reinforce themes.

Onomatopoeia: Words that imitate the natural sounds associated with the objects or actions they describe.

In a nutshell, The word "ode" comes from the Greek aeidein, meaning to sing or chant, and belongs to the long and varied tradition of lyric poetry. Originally accompanied by music and dance, and later reserved by the Romantic poets to convey their strongest sentiments, it can be generalized as a formal address to an event, a person, or a thing not present. For examples, see William Wordsworth's "Ode on Intimations of Immortality From Recollections of Early Childhood" and Percy Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" (which also happens to be a sonnet with an unusual form).

Furthermore, I will discuss on this topic includes full definitions of some common English poetic forms with examples.

Some Common Poetic Forms

1. Sonnet	9. Ballade	17. Rubaiyat
2. Lyric	10. Clerihew	18. Rondeau
3. Ode	11. Eclogue	19. Pantoum
4. Elegy	12. Epigram	20. Lai
5. Idyll	13. Ghazal	21. Triolet
6. Epic	14. Haiku	22. Sestina
7. Ballad	15. Senryu	23. Blank verse
8. Acrostic	16. Tanka	24. Limerick

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Prof. Abdul Rauf

M. Phil English

M. A English

M. A Urdu

M. A political science 

B. Sc Psychology

M.Sc Social Sciences

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How to Improve Self Discipline

HOW TO BUILD SELF DISCIPLINE BY MARCUS AURELIUS

Stoicism

In this lecture, we will be talking about 10 important insights for building your Self Discipline from the writings of Marcus Aurelius. He was also a devout student of the philosophy of Stoicism. During his rule, Aurelius found the time to construct a series of autobiographical writings, now known as the Meditations. In these writings, the Marcus Aurelius offered a number of key insights on how to build self discipline.

 

So here are 10 important insights for self discipline from Marcus Aurelius.

1. Self Discipline starts with finding your purpose

2. Count on yourself

3. Show up every day

4. Practice voluntary hardship

5. Practice dichotomy of control

6. Never play the victim

7. Practice delayed gratification

8. Ignore naysayers

9. Find wise people to emulate

10. Honestly review your day

 

I hope you enjoyed reading  the text and hope you find these insights very insights very helpful to for your self discipline.

Even though Marcus Aurelius wrote it 2,000 years ago — his insights on Stoicism still carry strong weight today. Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3^rd century BC. Even though it is over 2000 years old, more and more people are discovering how Stoicism is not only relevant to modern times, but can be applied in very simple, yet strong ways.

Ways to Self Discipline & Personality Development

 

If you want to build self-discipline, you’d do well to listen to the words of Marcus Aurelius.

He was the emperor of Rome from 161 to 180 A.D. and is considered as last of the Five

Good Emperors. During his rule, Aurelius found the time to construct a series of autobiographical

writings, now known as the Meditations. In these writings, the Roman Emperor offered

a number of key insights on how to be build self-discipline. Here are 10 of the most important

of those insights for self-discipline from the writings of Marcus Aurelius.

1. Self Discipline Starts With Finding Your Purpose

Marcus Aurelius says “I have to go to work — as a human being. What do I have to complain

of, if I’m going to do what I was born for — the things I was brought into the world to do?

 

Or is this what I was created for? To huddle under the blankets and stay warm?”

 

Marcus Aurelius believed that we each have a purpose; something that we were created

for. It is our duty to carry out that purpose because it is purpose that gets you out of

bed each morning. If you have a clear understanding of your goals and how your task fits within

them, you are much more likely to complete it.

 

For example, say you have a flat tire and need to change it. Your purpose is clear – change

the tire as quickly as possible so you can get on your way. You are going to do that

task, no matter how tired you feel. The biggest source of self-discipline is to have a reason

to do the task. If you don’t know what to do, just start.

 

If you want to be a writer, write every day. If you want to be an artist, draw and create

every day. Anything you want to do, you don’t need any more motivation or research or advice.

 

You just start practicing something you’re interested in and tackle every day as it comes

because it is your purpose that will give you an internal desire, drive, and motivation

to propels you forward toward your goal. Self-discipline is about finding compelling reasons to do

something then committing yourself to see that task or activity through to the very

end.

 

2. Count on yourself

According to Marcus Aurelius, you should “Turn

your desire to stone. Quench your appetites. Keep your mind centered on itself”

 

After you have a solid purpose, It’s time now to build a practical plan of action to

help you accomplish your goal. You should’nt just not commit to your goals but commit to

all the little actions you will take along the way in the pursuit of those goals. We

must be fully committed to doing whatever it takes to get the job done no matter what

challenges get in the way.

 

Self Discipline is the ability to get yourself to take action—to do what you need to do—regardless

of your physical, mental, or emotional state. Everything you want in your life—everything

 

you want to have, be, and do, depends on your ability to get yourself to take the necessary

actions to achieve your goals, whether you feel like it or not.

 

You can start with forming an effective plan of action that is comprised of a deadline

for accomplishing your goal. It must also be built on the foundation of mini-milestones

that break your goal down into manageable chunks.

 

Mini-milestones will ensure that you’re working toward your desired outcome in small

pieces and time blocks. This tactic puts you in the driver’s seat. It gives you a sense

of control over the tasks and projects you’re working on.

 

What you’re ultimately trying to avoid is succumbing to being overwhelmed. Overwhelming

can quickly digress to procrastination, and procrastination can, subsequently, lead to

stagnation. And, of course, where there is stagnation, self-discipline cannot exist.

 

3. Show up every day

Marcus Aurelius says “You must build up your life action by action, and be content if each one achieves its goal as far as possible–and

no one can keep you from this”.

 

Even after having a solid purpose and a practical plan, 95% of us fail to achieve our goals.

 

We fail because we fail to be consistent. We need to show up, every day, and put in

the work. The simple act of showing up and immersing yourself in your craft does wonders

for mental endurance. You build focus and come to terms with the arduous process that

 

it takes to achieve anything great. You have to put in countless hours of work before you

reap any of the benefits. Self - Discipline is nothing more but the habit of consistency

– finding the motivation to do something again and again, until you do it on autopilot

and start seeing results. So even if you fail once for example, if you didn’t exercise

 

when you know you should have, this doesn’t define your character. Your ability to keep

going is what moulds you into a disciplined and strong person. A bad day doesn’t have

to become a bad week, a bad week doesn’t have to become a bad year. The moment you

wake up, remember that the new day is a new life and move forward by opening your eyes

and focusing on what’s in front of you, which is life itself

4. Practice Voluntary Hardship

 In the words of Marcus Aurelius “We should

 

discipline ourselves in small things, and from there progress to things of greater valwhol

If you have a headache, practise not cursing. Don’t curse every time you have an earache.

And I’m not saying that you can’t complain, only don’t complain with your whole being”

 

Voluntary Hardship is one of the ways we can build our self discipline. Voluntary hardship

means constantly testing ourselves and by making life routinely uncomfortable in some

 

way, we are hardening ourselves for the day we may need to live it for real. A voluntary

hardship might be skipping a meal and going hungry for a night, having a cold shower,

not smoking, sleeping on the floor, leaving your jacket at home when you know it’s cold

and raining out or donating half of your clothes to charity. You could choose to go without

 

Social Media for a few days or throw your Smart Phone in the drawer. Do it often enough

and will you begin to understand what scarcity and hardship feels like and that you can live

with both if needed.

 

5. Practice Dichotomy of Control

 Marcus Aurelius says “You have power over

 

your mind - not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength”

 

Being distressed, being bothered by small things instantly is terrible for discipline.

 

You have a goal, you’re working and then thoughts and distress about something external,

 

meaning it’s out of your control, de-rails you.

 

The best thing you can do in these circumstances is to apply Epictetus’ dichotomy of control.

 

Reinforce to yourself what is within your control and what is out of your control; if

 

you embrace what’s out of your control and accept it, you will experience tranquillity.

 

Refer to the following wording next time you’re distressed and distracted

Do you have a problem in your life? No? ► Then don’t worry.

 

Yes? ► Can you do something about it?… Yes? ► Then don’t worry.

 

No? ► Then don’t worry.

 

6. Never Play the victim

In the words of Marcus Aurelius “Do your

 

job, without whining”

 

Have you said any of these? “I was just born this way.” “I never learned anything

 

different.” “My parents set a terrible example.” “Everyone else does it.” What

 

are these? Excuses that people use to justify staying as they are instead of striving to

 

become better. You need to assume responsibility. The “why

 

me?” mentality is an enemy to mental toughness. You might not be at fault, but your life depends

 

on you determining what’s within your control and taking those things into your own hands.

 

You must train yourself to frame these things this way instead of immediately resorting

 

to self pity. It’s certainly easier to pawn off blame on others when something goes wrong.

 

But only those with a degree of mental fortitude are able to step up–even when it’s not

 

their fault–and right the ship. Be that person who steps in to take action, not the

 

one who looks the other way and casts blame. When you victimize yourself or your current

 

position, you relinquish control and absolve yourself of personal responsibility. And without

 

a sense of ownership, meaningful progress becomes an impossible task.

 

7. Practice Delayed Gratification

 In the words of Marcus Aurelius “So you

 

were born to feel ‘nice’? Instead of doings things and experiencing them? Don’t you

 

see the plants, the birds, the ants and spiders and bees going about their individual tasks,

 

putting the world in order, as best they can? And you’re not willing to do your job as

 

a human being? Why aren’t you running to do what your nature demands?”

 

Delayed gratification involves the ability to wait to get what you want. Imagine a company

 

Christmas party when you encounter platters of delicious and tempting foods when you are

 

trying to lose weight. If you give in and fill up your plate with fattening goodies,

 

it might derail your diet, but you will get to enjoy a bit of instant gratification.

 

If you manage to resist and spend the evening eating salad and munching on carrot sticks,

 

then you will presumably receive an even greater reward down the line — shedding those unwanted

 

pounds and being able to fit into your favorite pair of skinny jeans.

 

This ability to resist temptation and stick to our goals is often referred to as self

 

discipline, and delaying gratification is often seen as a central part of this behavior.

 

We put off what we want now so that we can perhaps get something else, something better,

 

later on.

 

8. Ignore Naysayers

Marcus Aurelius says “When another blames

 

you or hates you, or people voice similar criticisms, go to their souls, penetrate inside

 

and see what sort of people they are. You will realize that there is no need to be racked

 

with anxiety that they should hold any particular opinion about you”

 

Whenever you step out from the norm, and declare (even if only to yourself) that you believe

 

that you have a special purpose in life, and that you are going to do whatever it takes

 

to achieve it, you will attract naysayers. Naysayers are the people who criticize, objects

 

to, or oppose something. The Naysayers just love to say nay. They might love you, but

 

they are afraid of progress so they are against everything and their opinions are just terrible

 

for your self discipline. You need to realise that allowing yourself to be upset by the

 

opinion of someone you don’t know or don’t respect is as foolish as getting upset about

 

the weather. It’s a waste of energy. Their voice does not deserve to be heard. Don’t

 

hand over your peace of mind to outsiders to disrupt as they please. You should actively

 

seek honest feedback from those you respect. But if someone just has a history of being

 

a naysayer, ignore them.

 

9. Find Wise People to emulate

Marcus Aurelius says “It will even do to

socialize with men of good character, in order to model your life on theirs, whether you

choose someone living or someone from the past”

 

It’s time now to look outward for answers to help strengthen your self-discipline. Specifically,

let’s identify role models. Your role models could be your friends, family, colleagues

who have already achieved the goal you are working towards. Ask yourself:

 

Who is doing this right now? Who has successfully achieved this goal?

 

Who has successfully mastered this habit? Who has successfully made this change?

 

Who has the necessary self-discipline in this area?

 

What can I learn from this person that can help me along my journey?

 

Take time to ask these people how they disciplined themselves. Ask them how they followed through

with specific actions that got them their desired outcome. Then use their experience

to help you discipline yourself along your own personal journey.

 

10. Honestly review your day

In the words of Marcus Aurelius “These are the characteristics of the rational soul:

self-awareness, self-examination, and self- determination. It reaps its own harvest. . . . It

succeeds in its own purpose”. One of the best ways to become more disciplined is to

is to scrutinize yourself, and find your weak spots. Be brutally honest and use this time

to connect with your subconscious. Practicing evening retrospections on a consistent

basis will allow you to become more self-aware through every step of your day because you

will be actively gathering information to formulate and articulate constructive answers to these questions. Ask yourself,

 

What did I do well today? Where were my discipline and self-control tested, where did I do good? What did I do bad, why did this occur? And

Furthermore, how can I improve? Now you know how you can improve tomorrow.

But don’t beat yourself up. Be like Seneca and forgive yourself. Have some self-compassion.

 

Research shows that it’s forgiving yourself — not beating yourself up — that prevents

you from continuing to put things off. And don’t just be critical of yourself. Think

about what you did well so you can repeat it tomorrow. Be grateful for the good that

happened today.

If you like this video, do make sure to check out our Stoicism playlist and for more videos

to help you find success and happiness, don’t forget to subscribe to us. Thanks for watching.