Communication Skills
Lecture Series 3
There are several types of communication in our practical life. It depends on an organizational pattern; parties of organization involved; several workers, the pattern of activating, etc. the types of communication are shown below in a diagram:
A. Based on parties
1. External communication: External communication is the process of exchanging information with the people of various external or outside parties of the organization. Generally, these parties are a stakeholder of the organization.
2. Internal communication: Internal communication is the process of exchanging information among people of different levels or internal participants within the organization.
(i) Horizontal communication: Horizontal communication is the communication where information or messages flows between or among the parallel or same level or statuses people of the organizational structure.
(ii) Vertical communication: Vertical communication is the communication where information or messages flows between or among the subordinates and superiors of the organization.
(i) Downward communication: Downward communication is the communication where information or
messages flows from the top of the organizational structure from the bottom of the organizational structure.
(ii) Upward communication: Upward communication is the communication where information or messages flows from the down/bottom of the organizational structure to the top of the organizational structure.
(iii) Cross or diagonal communication: Diagonal or cross-communication occurs when information flows between persons at different levels who have no direct reporting relationship. It is used to speed
information flow, to improve understanding to coordination etc. for the achievement of the organization.
B. Based on formality
1. Formal communication: Formal communication is the process of exchanging information by following the prescribed or official rules, procedures, systems formalities, chain of command etc. in the organizational structure.
2. Informal communication: Informal communication is the process of spontaneous exchange of information among various people of different status in the organizational structure.
C. Based on media
1. Written communication: Written communication is the process of communication in which messages or information is exchanged or communicated within sender and receiver through written form.
2. Oral or verbal communication: Oral or verbal communication is the process of communication in which messages or information is exchanged or communicated within sender and receiver through using any spoken or written word.
3. Non-verbal communication: Non-verbal communication is the process of communication in which messages or information is exchanged or communicated within sender and receiver through without using any spoken or written word.
D. Others
1. Mass communication: Mass communication is a process of transmitting information, thoughts, opinions or attitude through specific channel or media to a large number of heterogeneous audiences.
2. Personal communication: When people exchanged information related to their personal life or personal affair is known as personal communication.
3. Interpersonal communication: Interpersonal communication occurs when two individuals are involved or exchanging information, ideas, opinions, feelings relating to the personal, social, organizational, national and international matter who are located in the same place. It is a process of face-to-face communication between individuals where messages may be verbal (that is, expressed in words) or they may not involve words at all but consist of gestures, facial expressions, and certain postures (body language).
1. Verbal Communication: The communication happens through verbally, vocally or through
written words which express or convey the message to other is called verbal communication.
Example: Baby crying (vocal) is verbal communication which express the hungry or pain through
vocally.
Verbal communication has classified into two types:
A . Oral Communication B. Written Communication.
Apart from oral and written, verbal communication is also has following types:
a. Public Communication,
c. Intrapersonal Communication
b. Small Group Communication
d. Interpersonal Communication
Types of Verbal Communication:
A. Oral Communication: A communication which happens through word of mouth, spoken
Words, conversations and also any messages or information are shared or exchanged between one
another through speech or word of mouth is called oral communication.
Example: Public speech, News reading, Television, Radio, telephone and mobile conversations.
B. Written Communication: A communication happens through any word written or often
written sign which refers the languages uses in any medium is called written communication.
Example: Simply any hand written, typed, Newspaper, printed word documents, letters, books
and magazines.
There are also other four types of verbal communication, which are listed below:
A. Public Communication: The public communication is defined as the communication of a
person with the public. It involves a massive assembly of people. For example, the Prime
Minister addressing the public about the multiple developing projects; Other examples include
elections, campaigns, public speeches, etc.
B. Small-Group Communication: The small group communication is defined as communication
within two or more people. The number of people participating in such communication is
enough to have a good interaction with each other; For example, school meetings, board
meetings, press conferences, office meetings, team meetings, family gatherings, etc.
C. Intrapersonal Communication: Intrapersonal communication is communication within us. It
is also called as internal communication. It includes self-thinking, analysis, thoughts,
assessments, etc. associated with the inner state of mind.
The person's internal thoughts or feelings play a vital role in intrapersonal communication. It
also includes various activities, such as solo speaking, solo writing, solo dancing,
concentration, and self-awareness.
D. Interpersonal Communication: Interpersonal communication is the communication between
us and others over the channel. The communication can be online, face-to-face, video
conference on mobile, etc.
Interpersonal skills are essential, whether we are a manager, employee, or looking for work.
Such skills are also known as soft skills that determine how well a person can communicate,
behave, and relate to others.
2. Non-Verbal Communication: Any communication without word of mouth, spoken words,
Conversation and written languages are called Non-Verbal Communication. It happens through
Signs, symbols, colors, gestures, body language or any facial expressions are known as non-verbal
communication.
Examples: Traffic signals are one of the best examples for non-verbal communication.
TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. Kinesics
Body Movements
Gestures and Body Stance
Facial Expressions
Eyes Movements
2. Proxemics
3. Haptics
4. Chronemics
5. Paralanguage
6. Appearance
7. Artifacts
8. Environment
1. KINESICS:
a. Body language is a type of a nonverbal communication in which physical behaviors are
used to express or convey the information. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body
posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Interpretations of human body
language. It is also known as kinesics.
b. Facial expression is a part of body language and the expression of emotions such as the
movement of the eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose and cheeks. The face displays numerous
emotions such as: Happiness, Surprise, Disgust, Anger, Sadness, etc...
c. Head and neck signals: The body language of the head should be considered in
conjunction with that of the neck. Body language conveyed by the head and neck involves
various ranges of movement. Nodding of the head is generally considered as a sign of
saying 'yes'. Shaking the head is usually interpreted as meaning 'no'.
d. Body postures: Emotions can also be detected through body postures. For example, a
person feeling angry would portray dominance over the other, and their posture would
display approach tendencies. Sitting or standing postures also indicate one's emotions. A
person sitting till the back of their chair, leans forward with their head nodding along with
the discussion implies that they are open, relaxed and generally ready to listen. On the other
hand, a person who has their legs and arms crossed with the foot kicking slightly implies
that they are feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion
e. Gestures - Gestures are movements made with body parts (example hands, arms, fingers,
head, legs) and they may be voluntary or involuntary. Different hand gestures help
emphasize meanings and regulate interaction between or among participants.
For Example: Relaxed hands indicate confidence and self-assurance, while clenched
hands may be interpreted as signs of stress or anger. If a person is wringing their hands,
this demonstrates nervousness and anxiety.
f. Oculesics - Oculesics, a subcategory of body language, is the study of eye movement, eye
behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. Eyes are said to be the window
to the soul. - Through eye contact, one can tell if the other party is paying attention to the
speaker’s words. - It can also help in determining whether one is saying the truth or not. -
Through eye contact we can be able to know one’s emotional condition.
2. PROXEMICSAnother notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial
relationships, which is also known as Proxemics. Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966,
Proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one
another.
Hall also came up with four distinct zones in which most men operate:
Intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering
Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family members
Social distance for interactions among acquaintances
Public Distance used for public speaking.
3. HAPTICS(Touch)-
It is a subcategory of Body Language, and the study of touching as such, handshakes,
holding hands, back slapping, high fives, brushing up against someone or patting someone all
have meaning. Touching is the most developed sense at birth and formulates our initial views
of the world. Touching can be used to sooth, for amusement during play, to flirt, to express
power and maintain bonds between people, such as with baby and mother.
4. CHRONEMICS(Time)–
The use of time in nonverbal communication is formally defined as chronemics. Time
perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyles, daily agendas, speed of speech, movements and how long people are
willing to listen.
5. PARALANGUAGE–
The attributes of voice like audibility, pleasantness, distinctness, and correctness in
pronunciation, flexibility, etc. help to shape the meaning in oral communication. - These
attributes help in creating meaning. - Paralanguage goes beyond the linguistic form of an
utterance.
Diction, the highness and lowness of tone, intensity, the manner of delivery, rate of
speaking, etc. create the intended meaning of an utterance. - When something is delivered
coupled with gestures and facial expressions may reflect the feeling(s) and/or emotion(s) of
the participant in a communicative situation.
6. APPEARANCEPersonal appearance refers to the way the audiences with their expectations of
appropriateness, see and evaluate the way you look. The ways you look is all about your
outward appearance of clothing, grooming, and make-ups.
Physical appearance largely determines attractiveness and those who are attractive are more
likely to be considered as more intelligent, more persuasive, and more likeable than the
unattractive ones.
Appearances also include:
*Hairstyles
* Body cleanliness
* Clean Nails
* Shiny shoes
*No tattoos
*Being appropriately dressed
7. ARTIFACTSArtifacts are forms of decorative ornamentation that are chosen to represent selfconcept. They can include rings and tattoos, but may also include brand names and logos.
From clothes to cars, watches, briefcases, purses, and even eyeglasses, what we choose to
surround ourselves with communicates something about our sense of self. They may project
gender, role or position, class or status, personality, and group membership or affiliation.
8. ENVIRONMENTEnvironment involves the physical and psychological aspects of the communication
context. The perception of one’s environment influences one’s reaction to it. For example,
Google is famous for its work environment, with spaces created for physical activity and
even in-house food service around the clock. The expense is no doubt considerable, but
Google’s actions speak volumes. The results produced in the environment, designed to
facilitate creativity, interaction, and collaboration, are worth the effort.
By
Abdul Rauf
Mentor
Writer
M Phil English Literature and Linguistics
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